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Human genetics is the study of how traits, characteristics, and biological functions are inherited and expressed in individuals.

This field focuses on DNA, genes, chromosomes, and the molecular mechanisms that determine physical features, disease susceptibility, and physiological processes. As scientific understanding expands, human genetics plays a growing role in diagnosing diseases, guiding treatments, and enabling personalized medicine.

Fundamental Concepts in Human Genetics

The human genome contains approximately three billion DNA base pairs organized into 23 pairs of chromosomes. Genes, the functional units of heredity, encode instructions for building proteins that influence everything from eye color to immune responses. Variations in DNA — known as mutations or polymorphisms — contribute to biological diversity and disease risk.

Genetic Inheritance Patterns